摘要:
七人制橄榄球是一项比赛强度高、间歇时间短、对抗激烈的集体性项目。自成为第31届奥运会正式比赛项目后, 开始受到人们的广泛关注。主要基于英文文献, 对七人制橄榄球运动员的形态学、生理学和比赛跑动能力特征进行综述。研究表明:1) 国际级七人制橄榄球运动员的身体形态特征表现为身高高、体重大、体脂%低;2) 七人制橄榄球运动员既要具备一般球类项目所需的速度、耐力, 又要具备摔跤、拳击等搏击类项目所需的力量和身体对抗能力, 反复冲刺跑能力是评价七人制橄榄球运动员有氧和无氧能力的关键指标;3) 国际级七人制橄榄球运动员比赛中的相对总跑动距离为96~120 m/min (男子) 和95~103 m/min (女子) , 高强度跑动能力的高低是决定运动员水平的关键因素;男子运动员比女子运动员表现出更大的位置差异, 但不管是男子还是女子, 后锋比前锋展现出更强的跑动能力;受疲劳因素的影响, 运动员下半场的多项跑动能力指标会出现明显下降。未来对七人制橄榄球项目的研究应多从生理学角度出发, 加强对运动员身体机能和运动素质方面的研究。对比赛跑动能力的研究应增加比赛跑动数据分析量, 以更准确地对不同级别、不同性别、不同位置七人制橄榄球运动员比赛中的跑动模式进行分析。这将为七人制橄榄球项目体能训练计划的设计提供更为切实有效的参考依据。
Abstract:
Rugby sevens is a group sport with high intensity, short interval, and fierce confrontations.Since inclusion into the 2016 Olympic Games, the popularity of rugby sevens has attracted more and more attention. Based on the English literature, the characteristics of anthropometry and physiology and running ability of rugby sevens players are reviewed. Study shows that: 1) Elite players show the characteristics of high height, large weight and low percentage of fat. 2) Players must have the speed and endurance required for ball games, as well as the strength and physical collision required for wrestling, boxing, etc. Repeated sprint ability is the key index to evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic ability of rugby sevens players. 3) The relative total running distance covered over the whole match by elite players is 96~120 m/min for male and 95~103 m/min for female. High intensity running ability is the key factor to affect the players' performance. Male players show greater differences in position than females, but both male and female backs show stronger running ability than forwards. Fatigue affects players' movement patterns in the 2 nd half. In the future, research on rugby sevens should focus on physiology. Research on players' physical function and sports quality should be enhanced. By increasing the amount of data, a more accurate analysis of the running performance of the players in different level, different gender and different position could be acquired. A better understanding of physiological and running performance demands of rugby sevens would provide conditioners and coaches with a better framework to guide physical training prescription.